Lower back pain refers to discomfort or pain experienced in the area below the ribs and above the hips, known as the lumbar region. It is a prevalent condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strains, ligament sprains, herniated discs, degenerative conditions, poor posture, and underlying medical conditions.it may be localized to a specific area or radiate to other parts of the body. Back pain can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.

Here are some common causes of back pain:

• Muscle Strain: Overexertion, lifting heavy objects, or sudden movements can strain the muscles and ligaments in the back, leading to pain and discomfort.

• Poor Posture: Prolonged sitting or standing with poor posture can put stress on the muscles and structures of the back, causing pain and muscle imbalances.

• Herniated Disc: A herniated or slipped disc occurs when the soft, gel-like center of a spinal disc protrudes through a crack in the outer layer, irritating nearby nerves and causing back pain.

• Degenerative Disc Disease: As we age, the discs between the vertebrae may degenerate, leading to decreased cushioning and increased friction in the spine, resulting in pain.

• Spinal Stenosis: Spinal stenosis refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, causing back pain and leg pain that worsens with activity.

• Arthritis: Conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis can affect the joints in the spine, leading to inflammation, stiffness, and back pain.

• Scoliosis: Scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. Depending on its severity, it can cause back pain and discomfort.

• Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened and brittle bones, which can lead to compression fractures in the spine and subsequent back pain.

• Injury or Trauma: Accidents, falls, or sports-related injuries can result in fractures, sprains, or strains of the back, causing acute or chronic pain.

• Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions like kidney stones, endometriosis, or infections of the spine can also cause back pain.

It’s important to remember that this list is not exhaustive, and other factors or underlying medical conditions can also contribute to back pain.